Tillgänglig på nätet
Artikel www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Artikel kipublications.ki.se
Hämta fulltext
Three languages form the content for this comparative study of the theories of translating of complete sentences & subordinate clauses: Finnish, Swedish, & French. Different methods for inserting nuclear sentences in the target language are analyzed. Six ways of representing nuclear sentences in the surface structure are defined & illustrated using a text from the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, accepted by the General Assembly of the UN in 1979, & their translated parallels in French, Swedish, & Finnish. The occurrence of initial nuclear sentences & incomplete phrases are examined for each language. 5 References. A. Sturrock
The different ways of expressing a nuclear phrase from one language in another language are examined with reference to Finnish, Swedish, and French. Two specific methods of representing the root phrase in surface structure are examined in some detail. (MSE)
Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease with a prevalence of about 2% in the Caucasian population. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, but its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Here we report that the development of psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice with epidermis-specific inhibition of the transcription factor NF-κB was triggered by TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1)-dependent upregulation of interleukin-24 (IL-24) and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling in keratinocytes. IL-24 was strongly expressed in human psoriatic epidermis, and pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB increased IL-24 expression in TNF-stimulated human primary keratinocytes, suggesting that this mechanism is relevant for human psoriasis. Therefore, our results expand current views on psoriasis pathogenesis by revealing a new keratinocyte-intrinsic mechanism that links TNFR1, NF-κB, ERK, IL-24, IL-22R1, and STAT3 signaling to disease initiation. [Display omitted] •TNFR signaling in NF-κB-deficient keratinocytes induces psoriasis-like skin disease•TNF induces IL-24 expression in human and mouse NF-κB-deficient keratinocytes•TNF-induced IL-24 expression requires ROS-dependent ERK signaling•IL-24-IL-22R1 signaling induces psoriasis-like skin inflammation in IKK2E-KO mice
Abstract The ENFSI (European Network of Forensic Science Institutes) DNA Working Group undertook a collaborative project on Y-STR typing of DNA mixture samples that were centrally prepared and thoroughly tested prior to the shipment. Four commercial Y-STR typing kits (Y-Filer, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA; Argus Y Nonaplex, Biotype, Dresden, Germany; Powerplex Y, Promega, Madison, WI, USA; and DYSplex-3, SERAC, Bad Homburg, Germany) were used for the amplification of the mixture samples. The results of the study showed a striking inter-laboratory difference of kit performance as determined from the peak heights of the obtained Y-STR genotypes. Variation in quantity and quality of the shipped DNA can be excluded as reason for the observed differences because both samples and shipping conditions were found to be reproducible in an earlier study. The results suggest that in some cases a laboratory-specific optimization process is indicated to reach a comparable sensitivity for the analysis of minute amounts of DNA.
The overall objective of the STEREO project is to improve the methodology for determining limit reference points for the biomass of exploited fish stocks. Limit reference points set boundaries which are intended to constrain harvesting within safe biological limits, and are integral components of the decision making process in fisheries management. In most cases limits are currently estimated from historical time series data on spawning biomass and recruitment. However, the underlying stock-recruitment relationship is often poorly defined by such data and hence there is considerable uncertainty around many reference limits. This project will produce an operational scheme for refining functional form of stock-recruitment relationships by incorporating biological, spatial and temporal information on the stock structure, with the aim of reducing the uncertainty associated with the derived limits. The methodology will be developed for cod and haddock stocks around Iceland, Norway and in the North Sea as case studies.